TY - JOUR
T1 - Ancient to modern secular changes in the cranial/cephalic index in Korea
T2 - historical brachycephalization and recent debrachycephalization
AU - Min, Yu Sun
AU - Oh, Chang Seok
AU - Hong, Jong Ha
AU - Shin, Dong Hoon
AU - Hwang, Young il
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020, Japanese Association of Anatomists.
PY - 2020/6/1
Y1 - 2020/6/1
N2 - We investigated changes in the cranial/cephalic index of the Korean population in millennia, centuries, and recent decades. Secular changes of Korean’s cephalic index in history were studied using the data of archaeology literature and our measurement data of different adult skull sets for the fifteenth–nineteenth century Joseon people, the Korean War victims (1950–1953), and the Korean skeletons collected by medical schools in the 1960s. A change in head shape during the last century was also estimated by the analysis on Korean cephalometric datasets of Korean Research Institute of Standards and Science. In brief, over the past 2000 years, the crania of Korean people have steadily changed from mesocephalic to brachycephalic, mainly due to the cranial length shortening. Brachycephalization accelerated at the beginning of the twentieth century and continued until the early twenty-first century, largely caused by increased cephalic breadth. We also note that debrachycephalization began in birth cohorts around 1965 for males and around 1970 for females. Taken together, we figure out that the head shape of Korean people has been gradually shortened over millennia and then has undergone dramatic shortening in the last century. In recent decades, however, the changing pattern has reversed to debrachycephalization, for which we discussed about the possible causes in the present report.
AB - We investigated changes in the cranial/cephalic index of the Korean population in millennia, centuries, and recent decades. Secular changes of Korean’s cephalic index in history were studied using the data of archaeology literature and our measurement data of different adult skull sets for the fifteenth–nineteenth century Joseon people, the Korean War victims (1950–1953), and the Korean skeletons collected by medical schools in the 1960s. A change in head shape during the last century was also estimated by the analysis on Korean cephalometric datasets of Korean Research Institute of Standards and Science. In brief, over the past 2000 years, the crania of Korean people have steadily changed from mesocephalic to brachycephalic, mainly due to the cranial length shortening. Brachycephalization accelerated at the beginning of the twentieth century and continued until the early twenty-first century, largely caused by increased cephalic breadth. We also note that debrachycephalization began in birth cohorts around 1965 for males and around 1970 for females. Taken together, we figure out that the head shape of Korean people has been gradually shortened over millennia and then has undergone dramatic shortening in the last century. In recent decades, however, the changing pattern has reversed to debrachycephalization, for which we discussed about the possible causes in the present report.
KW - Cranial/cephalic index
KW - Head breadth
KW - Head length
KW - Head shape
KW - Secular change
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85080920499&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s12565-020-00529-z
DO - 10.1007/s12565-020-00529-z
M3 - Article
C2 - 32086765
AN - SCOPUS:85080920499
SN - 1447-6959
VL - 95
SP - 363
EP - 373
JO - Anatomical Science International
JF - Anatomical Science International
IS - 3
ER -